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How Well Do You Know Firefly

Family of beetles

Firefly

Temporal range: Cenomanian-Recent

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Photuris lucicrescens
Photuris lucicrescens [4]
Lampyris Noctiluca (firefly) mating.gif
Lampyris noctiluca mating
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Guild: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Elateriformia
Superfamily: Elateroidea
Family: Lampyridae
Latreille, 1817
Subfamilies

Amydetinae[1]
Cheguevariinae[2]
Chespiritoinae[3]
Cyphonocerinae
Lamprohizinae[1]
Lampyrinae
Luciolinae
Ototretinae
Photurinae
Psilocladinae[i]
Pterotinae[1]

Genera incertae sedis:[1]
Anadrilus Kirsch, 1875
Araucariocladus Silveira and Mermudes, 2017
Crassitarsus Martin, 2019
Lamprigera Motschulsky, 1853
Oculogryphus
Jeng, Engel, and Yang, 2007
Photoctus McDermott, 1961
Pollaclasis Newman, 1838

The Lampyridae are a family of insects in the protrude order Coleoptera, with more than two,000 described species, many of which are light-emitting. They are soft-bodied beetles normally called fireflies, glowworms, or lightning bugs for their conspicuous production of light, mainly during twilight, to attract mates. Light production in the Lampyridae originated as an honest warning indicate that the larvae were distasteful; this was co-opted in evolution equally a mating signal in the adults. In a further development, female fireflies of the genus Photuris mimic the flash pattern of Photinus species to trap their males every bit prey.

Fireflies are found in temperate and tropical climates. Many live in marshes or in moisture, wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food. While all known fireflies glow as larvae, simply some adults produce light, and the location of the light organ varies amid species and betwixt sexes of the aforementioned species. Fireflies have attracted human attention since classical artifact; their presence has been taken to signify a wide diverseness of conditions in different cultures, and is peculiarly appreciated aesthetically in Japan, where parks are set aside for this specific purpose.

Biology [edit]

Fireflies are beetles, and in many aspects resemble other beetles at all stages of their life-cycle, undergoing complete metamorphosis.[5] A few days after mating, a female lays her fertilized eggs on or just below the surface of the ground. The eggs hatch three to four weeks later.[6]

The larvae feed until the finish of the summer. Fireflies hibernate as larvae. Some practise this past burrowing hush-hush, while others observe places on or nether the bawl of copse. They emerge in the spring. The larvae of most species are specialized predators and feed on other larvae, terrestrial snails, and slugs. Some are and so specialized that they take grooved mandibles that evangelize digestive fluids directly to their prey. After several weeks, the larvae pupate for ane to two and a one-half weeks, and emerge as adults.[6]

Developed diet varies between firefly species: some are predatory, while others feed on establish pollen or nectar. Some adults, similar the European glow-worm, have no mouth, emerging just to mate and lay eggs before dying. Adults live for at nigh a few weeks in summer.[6] [seven]

Fireflies vary widely in their general appearance, with differences in color, shape, size, and features such as antennae. Adults differ in size depending on the species, with the largest up to 25 mm (1 in) long. Many species have non-flight larviform females. These tin ofttimes be distinguished from the larvae just because the adult females have compound eyes, different the simple eyes of larvae, though the females have much smaller (and often highly regressed) optics than those of their males.[8] The most commonly known fireflies are nocturnal, although numerous species are diurnal and usually not luminescent; notwithstanding, some species that remain in shadowy areas may produce light.[5]

Most fireflies are distasteful to vertebrate predators, as they comprise the steroid pyrones lucibufagins, similar to the cardiotonic bufadienolides plant in some poisonous toads.[9] All fireflies glow as larvae, where bioluminescence is an honest aposematic warning bespeak to predators.[ten] [11] [12]

Low-cal and chemical production [edit]

Photuris female past flash (in a higher place); by her own calorie-free (below)

Lite production in fireflies is due to the chemic process of bioluminescence. This occurs in specialized light-emitting organs, usually on a female person firefly's lower abdomen. The enzyme luciferase acts on the luciferin, in the presence of magnesium ions, ATP, and oxygen to produce light. Oxygen is supplied via an intestinal trachea or breathing tube. Gene coding for these substances has been inserted into many different organisms.[13] Firefly luciferase is used in forensics, and the enzyme has medical uses – in item, for detecting the presence of ATP or magnesium.[10] Fireflies produce a "cold lite", with no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies. The light may be yellow, green, or pale red, with wavelengths from 510 to 670 nanometers. Some species such every bit the dimly glowing "blue ghost" of the Eastern US may seem to emit blueish-white lite from a distance and in low light conditions, but their glow is brilliant green when observed up close.[14] Their perceived blueish tint may be due to the Purkinje consequence.[15]

Adults emit light primarily for mate selection. Early larval bioluminescence was adopted in the phylogeny of adult fireflies, and was repeatedly gained and lost earlier becoming fixed and retained as a machinery of sexual communication in many species.[10] [16] Adult lampyrids have a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemic signals unrelated to photic systems.[17] Chemical signals, or pheromones, are the ancestral form of sexual communication; this pre-dates the development of wink signaling in the lineage, and is retained today in diurnally-active species.[x] [18] Some species, especially lightning bugs of the genera Photinus, Photuris, and Pyractomena, are distinguished past the unique courtship wink patterns emitted by flying males in search of females. In general, females of the genus Photinus exercise not fly, simply practice give a wink response to males of their own species. Signals, whether photic or chemical, allow fireflies to place mates of their ain species. Flash signaling characteristics include differences in duration, timing, color, number and rate of repetitions, acme of flying, and direction of flight (e.g. climbing or diving) and vary interspecifically and geographically.[19] [12] When flash signals are non sufficiently distinguished between species in a population, sexual pick encourages divergence of signaling patterns.[19]

Synchronization of flashing occurs in several species; information technology is explained as phase synchronization and spontaneous lodge.[xx] Tropical fireflies routinely synchronise their flashes amidst large groups, particularly in Southeast Asia. At night along river banks in the Malaysian jungles, fireflies synchronize their light emissions precisely. Electric current hypotheses virtually the causes of this behavior involve diet, social interaction, and distance. In the Philippines, thousands of fireflies tin can be seen all twelvemonth-round in the town of Donsol. In the United States, 1 of the most famous sightings of fireflies blinking in unison occurs annually near Elkmont, Tennessee, in the Neat Smoky Mountains during the first weeks of June.[21] Congaree National Park in South Carolina is another host to this phenomenon.[22]

Female person "femme fatale" Photuris fireflies mimic the photic signaling patterns of the smaller Photinus, attracting males to what appears to be a suitable mate, and eating them.[10] This provides the females with a supply of the toxic defensive lucibufagin chemicals.[23]

Many fireflies practise non produce light. Usually these species are diurnal, or day-flying, such as those in the genus Ellychnia. A few diurnal fireflies that inhabit primarily shadowy places, such as beneath tall plants or trees, are luminescent. One such genus is Lucidota. Non-bioluminescent fireflies utilize pheromones to signal mates. This is supported by the fact that some basal groups practise not show bioluminescence and use chemical signaling, instead. Phosphaenus hemipterus has photic organs, nevertheless is a diurnal firefly and displays large antennae and modest eyes. These traits strongly suggest pheromones are used for sexual selection, while photic organs are used for alert signals. In controlled experiments, males coming from downwind arrived at females first, indicating that males travel upwind along a pheromone plume. Males can find females without the utilise of visual cues, and so sexual advice in P. hemipterus appears to be mediated entirely by pheromones.[24]

  • Lamprohiza female by her own light

  • Fireflies in the forest nearly Nuremberg, Deutschland, 30-second exposure

Evolution [edit]

Fossil history [edit]

The oldest known fossil of the Lampyridae family is Protoluciola from the Belatedly Cretaceous (Cenomanian ~ 99 million years agone) Burmese amber of Myanmar, which belongs to the subfamily Luciolinae. The light producing organ is conspicuously present.[25] The bequeathed glow colour for the concluding common ancestor of all living fireflies has been inferred to be green, based on genomic assay.[26]

Taxonomy [edit]

The fireflies (including the lightning bugs) are a family, Lampyridae, of some 2,000 species within the Coleoptera. The family forms a unmarried clade, a natural phylogenetic group.[1] The term glowworm is used for both adults and larvae of firefly species such as Lampyris noctiluca, the mutual European glowworm, in which only the nonflying adult females glow brightly; the flying males glow weakly and intermittently.[27] [28] [29] In the Americas, "glow worms" are the closely related Coleopteran family Phengodidae, while in New Zealand and Commonwealth of australia, a "glow worm" is a luminescent larva of the fungus gnat Arachnocampa, within the true flies, Diptera.[27]

Phylogeny [edit]

The phylogeny of the Lampyridae family, based on both phylogenetic and morphological evidence by Martin et al. 2019, is:[i]

Interaction with humans [edit]

Conservation [edit]

Fireflies in Georgia, eight-second exposure

Firefly populations are thought to be failing worldwide. While monitoring information for many regions are scarce, a growing number of anecdotal reports, coupled with several published studies from Europe and Asia, propose that fireflies are in trouble.[30] [31] [32] [33] Recent IUCN Red Listing assessments for North American fireflies have identified species with heightened extinction risk in the The states, with 18 taxa categorized every bit threatened with extinction.[34] [35]

Fireflies face up threats including habitat loss and degradation, light pollution, pesticide utilize, and climate change.[36] Firefly tourism, a quickly growing sector of the travel and tourism industry, has also been identified equally a potential threat to fireflies and their habitats when non managed appropriately.[37] Like many other organisms, fireflies are straight afflicted past country-use change (e.g., loss of habitat surface area and connectivity), which is identified as the chief driver of biodiversity changes in terrestrial ecosystems.[38] Pesticides, including insecticides and herbicides, have too been indicated as a likely crusade of firefly reject.[39] [40] These chemicals can non simply directly impairment fireflies, but they also have the potential to reduce prey populations and degrade habitat. Lite pollution is an especially concerning threat to fireflies. Since the majority of firefly species apply bioluminescent courting signals,[41] they are also very sensitive to environmental levels of light and consequently to light pollution.[41] [42] A growing number of studies investigating the effects of bogus lite at dark on fireflies has shown that light pollution tin can disrupt fireflies' courtship signals and fifty-fifty interfere with larval dispersal.[43] [44] [45] [46] Researchers agree that protecting and enhancing firefly habitat is necessary to conserve their populations. Recommendations include reducing or limiting artificial low-cal at night, restoring habitats where threatened species occur, and eliminating unnecessary pesticide use, among many others.[forty] [47] [48]

In culture [edit]

Hotarugari, Firefly Catching, by Mizuno Toshikata, 1891

Fireflies have featured in human culture around the world for centuries.[49] In Nihon, the emergence of fireflies signifies the anticipated irresolute of the seasons;[50] firefly viewing is a special aesthetic pleasure of midsummer, historic in parks that exist for that one purpose.[51] The Japanese sword called Hotarumaru, made in the 14th century, is so named for a legend that one night its flaws were repaired by Hotaru fireflies.[52] [53]

The firefly or lucciola appears in Canto XXVI of Dante's Inferno, written in the 14th century:[54]

Quante 'l villan ch'al poggio si riposa,
nel tempo che colui che 'l mondo schiara
la faccia sua a noi tien meno ascosa,

come la mosca cede a la zanzara,
vede lucciole giù per la vallea,
forse colà dov' e' vendemmia due east ara:

di tante fiamme tutta risplendea
l'ottava bolgia, ...

—Dante's Inferno, Canto XXVI, lines 25–32

As many as the fireflies which the peasant sees in the [Tuscan] valley below, when he is resting on the hill—in the season [midsummer] when the sun hides least from the states, and at the time of day [dusk] when the fly gives place to the musquito—perhaps in the fields where he tills the footing and gathers in the grapes; with that many flames the 8th ditch [of Hell] was shining, ...

—prose translation

In Western civilization, fireflies with their transiently appearing and disappearing lights are associated with "such distinct and even contradictory significances as babyhood, crop, doom, elves, fear, habitat change, idyll, love, luck, bloodshed, prostitution, solstice, stars and fleetingness of words and noesis".[55] The firefly was one of only near 12 kinds of beetle known in classical antiquity; Pliny the Elder advised sowing millet and harvesting barley at the moment when the glow-worms appeared.[55]

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A.; Ivie, Michael A. (2019). "Molecular data back up the placement of the enigmatic Cheguevaria as a subfamily of Lampyridae (Insecta: Coleoptera)". Zoological Periodical of the Linnean Society. Oxford Academy Press. 187 (iv): 1253–1258. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz073.
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  39. ^ Run across "How You Can Assistance", FireFly.org, citing (1) "Understanding Halofenozide (Mach 2) and Imidacloprid (Merit) Soil Insecticides," by Daniel A Potter. International SportsTurf Plant, Inc., Turfax, Vol. 6 No. ane (Jan-Feb 1998) and (2) "Relative Toxicities of Chemicals to the Earthworm Eisenia foetida," by Brian 50. Roberts and H. Wyman Dorough. Article commencement published online: twenty October 2009. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. three, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), pp. 67–78.
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  54. ^ Alighieri, Dante (1320). Inferno. Canto XXVI, lines 25-32.
  55. ^ a b Ineichen, Stefan (2016). "Low-cal into Darkness: The Significance of Glowworms and Fireflies in Western Culture". Advances in Zoology and Botany. 4 (four): 54–58. doi:10.13189/azb.2016.040402. ISSN 2331-5083.

Sources [edit]

  • Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2014). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Further reading [edit]

  • Faust, Lynn Frierson (2017). "Fireflies, Glow-worms, and Lightning Bugs"
  • Lewis, S. M.; Cratsley, C. K. (2008). "Flash signal development, mate choice, and predation in fireflies". Annual Review of Entomology. 53: 293–321. doi:ten.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346. PMID 17877452. S2CID 16360536.
  • Stous, Hollend (1997). "A review of predation in Photuris, and its effects on the evolution of flash signaling in other New World fireflies".

External links [edit]

  • An introduction to European fireflies and glow-worms
  • Firefly.org – Firefly & Lightning Bug Facts, Pictures, Information Near Firefly Insect Disappearance
  • Firefly simulating robot, China
  • NCBI taxonomy database
  • Museum of Science, Boston – Understanding Fireflies
  • Video of a firefly larva in Republic of austria
  • FireflyExperience.org – Luminous Photography and Videos of Fireflies & Lightning Bugs

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly